essential modifications

1) Engineering: revolutionary changes

2) Economy: essential modifications

3) Business: material changes

1 strictness.

con rigor strictly

2 accuracy, rigor.

no tiene ningún rigor científico it's totally lacking in scientific rigor

en rigor strictly (speaking)

3 harshness (inclemencia).

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (severidad) rigour (US rigor), strictness, severity

2 (dureza) rigour (US rigor), harshness

■ los rigores del invierno the rigours of winter

3 (exactitud) precision, exactness

\

con rigor rigorously

de rigor essential, indispensable

■ el esmoquin es de rigor a dinner jacket is required

en rigor strictly speaking

ser el rigor de las desdichas figurado to be born under an unlucky star

* * *

1) (=severidad) severity, harshness; (=dureza) toughness

2) (Meteo) harshness, severity

3) (=exactitud) rigour, rigor (EEUU)

4)

5)

6) Cono Sur

* * *

1) ( severidad) rigor*

2) ( precisión) rigor*

* * *

= precision, strictness, rigour [rigor, -USA], severity, stringency.

Ex. Whether such precision will result in a catalogue more satisfactory to readers than that produced by the reasonable application of the vaguer AA is a moot point.

Ex. They see people as marked by one particular attribute, cleverness, or kindness, or strictness, or being a good shot, and they mind whether things are right or wrong.

Ex. Praiseworthy piecemeal modifications of this library rigour stand out as exceptions to prove the rule.

Ex. Exuberance and enthusiasm are proper to the young, as Quintillian remarked: 'The young should be daring and inventive and should rejoice in their inventions, even though correctiveness and severity are still to be acquired'.

Ex. Even when Community-wide regulations do apply, for example in matters of safety at work, the stringency of laws may vary from country to country.

----

* con rigor = rigourously [rigorously, -USA], harshly.

* de rigor = de rigueur.

* en rigor = strictly speaking.

* rigores del clima = rigours of the climate.

* rigor intelectual = intellectual rigour.

* sin excesivo rigor = loosely.

* * *

1) ( severidad) rigor*

2) ( precisión) rigor*

* * *

* * *

A (severidad) rigor*

con todo el rigor de la ley with the utmost severity o full rigor of the law

el rigor de las medidas disciplinarias the harshness o severity of the disciplinary measures

el rigor del invierno the rigors of winter

B (precisión) rigor*

rigor científico scientific rigor

los criterios se aplicarán con rigor the criteria will be rigorously o strictly applied, the criteria will be applied with rigor

de rigor usual

contéstale con la carta de rigor send him the usual o the standard reply

los saludos de rigor the usual greetings

después de la ceremonia, las fotos de rigor after the ceremony there were the inevitable o usual o obligatory photos

en una ocasión así el frac es de rigor tails are de rigueur o are a must on such an occasion

en rigor (honestamente) honestly, in all honesty; (estrictamente) strictly speaking

ser el rigor de las desdichas to be very unfortunate

* * *

◊ con todo el rigor de la ley with the full rigor of the law;

* * *

rigor nm

1. [severidad] strictness;

criticaron el rigor de la pena they criticized the severity o harshness of the sentence;

con rigor strictly

2. [exactitud] accuracy, rigour;

a este análisis le falta rigor this analysis isn't rigorous enough;

esta teoría no tiene ningún rigor científico this theory is totally lacking in scientific rigour;

me dieron las instrucciones de rigor they gave me the usual instructions;

nos cayó la bronca de rigor we got the inevitable telling-off;

es de rigor en esas ocasiones it's de rigueur on such occasions;

en rigor strictly (speaking)

3. [inclemencia] harshness;

los rigores del invierno the rigours of winter;

los rigores del verano the harshness of the summer climate

4. [rigidez] rigor mortis rigor mortis

5. Comp

es el rigor de las desdichas she was born unlucky

* * *

1 rigor, Br

rigour;

ser de rigor be a must, be obligatory

2 ( precisión) rigor, Br

rigour;

rigor científico scientific rigor;

en rigor strictly

3 ( dureza) rigor, Br

rigour;

los rigores del invierno the rigors of winter;

los rigores estivales the extremes of summer

* * *

rigor nm

1) : rigor, harshness

2) : precision, meticulousness

de rigor : usual

la respuesta de rigor: the standard reply

de rigor : essential, obligatory

en rigor : strictly speaking, in reality

1 revision, check-up, inspection, review.

2 revision, rehash, rehashing.

3 rehearing, retrial, re-trial.

4 re-opening of case.

5 patch, fix, hotfix.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) revision, checking

2 (de billetes) inspection

3 (de coche) service, overhaul

\

revisión de cuentas audit, auditing

revisión médica checkup

* * *

1) check, inspection

2) revision

* * *

1) [de cuenta] check; [de teoría, método] review

2) (Mec) check, overhaul; (Aut) service

* * *

1) (de trabajo, documento) checking, check

2) (de criterio, doctrina) revision

3) ( de instalación) inspection; ( de frenos) check

4) (AmL) ( de equipaje) inspection

5) (Med, Odont) checkup

- revisión médica

6) (Der) review

* * *

= checking, editing, overhaul, revision, checkup [check-up], review, refinement.

Ex. The purpose of this checking is to ensure that an entry always has the same form so that the catalog is consistent and clean.

Ex. To ensure further that all the index entries generated by chain procedure are indeed helpful, the initial analysis of the chain may require editing.

Ex. Regular overhaul of guiding is important, especially for the new user who may rely heavily upon it.

Ex. As already noted, development and revision of classification schemes is essential to their continued usefulness.

Ex. The article is entitled 'How fit is your health collection?: the importance of regular check-ups: health information in the public library' = El artículo se titula "¿Está en buena forma su colección sobre salud?: la importancia de los chequeos regulares: información sanitaria en la biblioteca pública".

Ex. This programme is planned to have a lifespan of four years with a review after two years.

Ex. Also search strategy can be modified relatively easily, where only refinements or slight modifications in index terms are appropriate.

----

* artículo de revisión = review article, review essay.

* Comité de Revisión de las Reglas de Catalogación (CCRC) = Catalog Code Revision Committee (CCRC).

* en revisión = under review.

* revisión bibliográfica = literature review, literature survey.

* revisión biblográfica = desk research.

* revisión de las reglas = code revision.

* revisión de los estantes = shelf reading.

* revisión salarial = job audit.

* * *

1) (de trabajo, documento) checking, check

2) (de criterio, doctrina) revision

3) ( de instalación) inspection; ( de frenos) check

4) (AmL) ( de equipaje) inspection

5) (Med, Odont) checkup

- revisión médica

6) (Der) review

* * *

* * *

A (de un trabajo, documento) checking, check

revisión del estilo checking (of) the style

ahora viene la etapa de revisión next comes the checking stage

efectuaron una revisión minuciosa de los gastos they made a detailed check of o on the expenses

peer review

B (de un criterio, doctrina) revision

métodos que requieren una urgente revisión methods which are in urgent need of revision

se hace una revisión periódica de las tarifas aéreas airfares are revised periodically

C (de una instalación) inspection; (de frenos) check

la revisión del generador reveló varios problemas inspection of o the check on the generator revealed several problems

la revisión de los 5.000 kilómetros ( Esp); the 5,000 kilometer service

roadworthiness check, ≈ MOT test ( in UK)

D ( AmL) (de equipaje) inspection

E ( Odont) examination; (periódica) checkup

( Esp) (periódica) checkup; (para un trabajo) medical examination, medical ( BrE)

F ( Der) review

* * *

a) (de trabajo, documento) checking, check

b) (de criterio, doctrina) revision

c) ( de instalación) inspection;

d) (AmL) ( de equipaje) inspection

e) (Med, Odont) checkup;

◊ revisión médica (Esp) ( periódica) checkup;

* * *

revisión nf

1. [repaso] Br revision, US review;

pidió la revisión del examen he asked for the exam to be remarked

2. [examen] check;

llevar el coche a una revisión to have one's car serviced

revisión médica check-up;

me tengo que hacer una revisión médica I have to have a check-up;

revisión de la vista eye test

3. [modificación] review;

han hecho una revisión de las cifras de crecimiento the growth figures have been revised;

el gobierno anunció una revisión de su política de empleo the government announced a review of its employment policy;

revisión de los precios price review o change

revisión al alza/a la baja rise/fall

4. CAm, Méx [registro] search

* * *

f check, inspection; AUTO service

* * *

revisión nf, pl - siones

1) : revision

2) : inspection, check

* * *

revisión n

1. (en general) check

2. (de vehículo) service

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• В более сложных системах необходимо... - In more complicated systems, it is necessary to...

• В подобной ситуации необходимо... - In such a situation, it is necessary to...

• В самом деле, необходимо... - It is in fact necessary to...

• В связи с этим необходимо отметить, что... - In this connection, it should be noted that...

• В то же время необходимо объяснить, что... - At the same time it must be explained that...

• Во многих инженерных приложениях необходимо рассматривать... - In many engineering applications, it is necessary to consider...

• Во многих приложениях это и есть все что необходимо. - In many applications this is all that is required.

• Возникает вопрос, действительно ли обратное (утверждение и т. п.) является необходимым. - A question arises as to whether the converse necessarily holds.

• Вот почему было необходимо (показать и т. п.)... - That is why it has been necessary to...

• Вряд ли здесь необходимо говорить о том, что... - It hardly needs to be stated that...

• Вряд ли необходимо подчеркивать тот факт, что... - It is hardly necessary to stress the fact that...

• Все, что необходимо здесь сказать, это... - All that need be said now is that...

• Все, что необходимо - это заметить, что... - All that is necessary is to observe that...

• Для лучшего понимания процесса необходимо... - In order to have a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to...

• Для последующего нам необходимо одно обобщение (чего-л). - In the sequel we require a generalization of...

• Для этого нам необходима концепция... - For this we require the concept of...

• Еще очень многое необходимо сделать в этой области. - Much remains to be done in this area.

• Заметьте, что необходимо (сделать что-л). - Notice that it is necessary to...

• Здесь необходимо сделать одно предостережение. - A word of warning is necessary here.

• Изредка необходимо... - Occasionally, it is necessary to...

• Имеется один нюанс, о котором здесь необходимо сказать. - There is a subtle point that should be mentioned here.

• На этом этапе необходимо отметить очень важный факт. - At this stage a very important fact must be pointed out.

• Наконец, необходимо допустить, что... - Finally, it must be granted that...

• Нам все еще необходимо решить как (действовать и т. п.)... - We have yet to decide how to...

• Нам необходима некоторая гарантия того, что... - At the very least some assurance is needed that...

• Нам необходимо еще одно условие, чтобы определить... - We need one more condition to determine...

• Нам необходимо еще раз... - Once again it is necessary to...

• Нам необходимо найти число... - We wish to find the number of...

• Нам необходимо одно определение. - We need a definition.

• Нам необходимо найти решение... - We need to determine the solution of...

• Нам необходимо рассмотреть более подробно практические последствия... - We need to consider in more detail the practical implications of...

• Нам необходимы более точные определения, потому что... - More exact definitions are necessary because...

• Не так редко, однако, необходимо... - Not infrequently, however, it is necessary to...

• Необходимо более внимательно изучить данные. - A closer look at the data is called for.

• Необходимо быть осторожным в применениях данной формулы. - One must be careful in using this formula.

• Необходимо внести коренные изменения в... - There has to be a radical change in...

• Необходимо выяснить, действительно ли... - It needs to be ascertained if...

• Необходимо добавить, что... - It should be added that...

• Необходимо заметить, что существуют два способа, которыми... - It should be noted that there are two ways in which...

• Необходимо кратко остановиться на... - Brief mention should be made of...

• Необходимо лишь... - It is merely necessary to...; It is only necessary to...

• Необходимо (-- Нужно) ожидать, что... - It is to be expected that...

• Необходимо особенно подчеркнуть, что... - It cannot be too highly stressed that...

• Необходимо особенно тщательно следить за тем, чтобы... - Special care must be used to

• Необходимо отметить, что... - It is to be noted that...

• Необходимо подчеркнуть, что... - It is necessary to stress that...; It should be stressed that...; It must be emphasized that...

• Необходимо понимать, что... - It should be realized that...

• Необходимо понять и выяснить роль процессов, задействованных в... - It is therefore important to understand and appreciate the processes involved in...

• Необходимо понять, что... - It is to be understood that...

• Необходимо проверить... - There is a need to examine...

• Необходимо проследить за... - It is necessary to keep track of...

• Необходимо проявлять большую осторожность в выборе... - Great care must be exercised in selecting...

• Необходимо рассмотреть эту проблему в некоторых деталях. - It is necessary to consider this problem in some detail.

• Необходимо сделать несколько замечаний. - There are a number of points to be made.

• Необходимо сделать следующее замечание. - It should be noted that; It should be pointed out that; A remark is in order

• Необходимо сказать с самого начала, что... - It should be said from the outset that...

• Необходимо следить за тем, чтобы не произошел перегрев... - Care must be exercised to avoid overheating...

• Необходимо учесть... - Account must be taken of...; Proper allowance must be made for...

• Необходимо четко отметить, что... - It must be carefully noted that...

• Необходимо, чтобы... - It is necessary that...; It is essential that...

• Однако модификации необходимы, когда... - Modifications, however, are necessary when...

• Однако необходимо всегда помнить, что... - One should always keep in mind, however, that...

• Однако необходимо заметить, что... - It must be observed, however, that...

• Однако необходимо знать, что понимается под... - It is necessary, however, to know what is meant by...

• Однако необходимо подчеркнуть, что... - But it needs to be stressed that...

• Однако необходимо понимать, что.. i. - However, it must be understood that...

• Однако сначала необходимо... -It is first necessary, however, to...

• Однако часто бывает необходимо... - However, it is frequently necessary to...

• Однако, во-первых, нам необходимо изучить общую теорию... - First, however, we need to study the general theory of...

• Относительно... необходимо сделать пояснение. - A word of explanation is necessary with regard to...

• Очевидно, необходимо, чтобы... - Clearly, it is necessary that...

• Очевидно, нет необходимости (= нам не надо) (нечто проделать). - Clearly, there is no need to...

• Перед тем как вернуться к рассмотрению этих проблем, нам необходимо... - Before returning to these matters, it is necessary to...

• Перед тем как установить только что упомянутые результаты, необходимо (рассмотреть и т. п.)... - Before establishing the results just mentioned it is necessary to...

• Помимо всего, нам необходимо показать, что... - Above all, we need to show that...

• Поэтому необходимо... - For this reason it is necessary to...

• Прежде всего необходимо (вычислить и т. п.)... - It is first of all necessary to...

• При этих обстоятельствах необходимо... - In these circumstances, it is necessary to...

• Производя экспериментальные работы, иногда необходимо... - In the course of experimental work, it is sometimes necessary to...

• С другой стороны, необходимо всегда удостовериться, что... - On the other hand one always has to make sure that...

• С этим обозначением необходимо обращаться аккуратно. - One must be careful with the notation.

• Следовательно в каждом (отдельном) из этих случаев необходимо... - In each of these cases, therefore, it is necessary to...

• Следовательно, необходимо помнить, что... - It should therefore be borne in mind that...

• Следовательно, необходимо развить общий метод для... - It is, therefore, necessary to devise a general method for...

• Таким образом, в принципе необходимо только... - Thus, in principle at least, it is only necessary to...

• Сначала нам необходимо определить, что понимается под... - We need first to define what is meant by...

• Совершенно необходимо, чтобы... - It is important that...

• Тем не менее, необходимо допустить, что... - Nevertheless, it must be admitted that...

• Тем не менее, необходимо уделить внимание... - Nevertheless, attention needs to be paid to...

• То, что нам необходимо, это понятие о... - What is needed is a notion of...

• Удобно, хотя и не необходимо (= не очень нужно),... -It is convenient (though not necessary) to...

• Часто бывает необходимо... - It is frequently necessary to...

• Часто необходимо произвести... - It is frequently necessary to generate...

• Что (действительно) необходимо - это ясное понимание... - What is needed is a clear understanding of...

• Чтобы доказать (3), необходимо только... - То establish (3) we need only to...

• Чтобы достичь цели, необходимо... - То meet this objective, it is necessary to...

• Чтобы не допустить этого, необходимо... - То prevent this it is necessary to...

• Чтобы справиться с подобной ситуацией, нам необходимо... - In order to handle such a situation, we need to...

• Это вполне справедливо, однако необходимо понять, что... - This is quite true, but it should be realized that...

• Это необходимо для существенного понимания... - This is required for a fundamental understanding of...

• Это условие необходимо для... - The condition is required to satisfy...

• Этот результат было необходимо (= нужно) ожидать, исходя из факта... - This result was to be expected from the fact that...

. без учёта; вести учёт; для учёта; при учёте; с учётом

•

The inclusion of material dispersion leads to simple modifications of the expression for...

•

The magnitude of () is modified to account for the dependence of...

•

The analysis of these waves involves taking account of (or taking into account) their amplitudes.

•

This theory evaluates the resolving power of the instrument by considering not only the diffraction caused by..., but also that caused by the object itself.

•

A more rigorous treatment of molecular orbitals requires a consideration of algebraic sign of the associated wave functions.

•

The section is devoted to methods of allowing for axial dispersion.

•

Use is made of a photoelectric scanning system to keep track of buses as they pass check points.

•

Taking into account (or consideration) each defect is essential.

1) Компьютерная техника: Equatorial Magnetospheric Laboratory

2) Американизм: Environmental Measurement Laboratory

3) Военный термин: Ecological Metadata Language, electromechanical laboratory, emergency manning level, equipment maintenance log, equipment modification list, estimated month loss, experimental meteorology laboratory, experimental meteorology laboratory ELS, emitter location system

4) Техника: electronic-media literacy, equipment modifications list

5) Фармакология: (Essential Medicines List) ПОЛС (Перечень основных лекарственных средств)

6) Страхование: estimated maximum loss, оцениваемый максимальный убыток, расчётный максимальный убыток

7) Телекоммуникации: Element Management Layer

8) Сокращение: Electro-Magnetic Launcher, Electromagnetic Launcher, Electronic Microsystems Ltd (Israel)

9) Университет: Education Media Lab

10) Вычислительная техника: Element Management Layer (TMN)

11) Экология: Контрольно-измерительная экологическая лаборатория

12) Электротехника: expected measured loss

13) Программное обеспечение: Educational Modeling Language

14) AMEX. Eastern Company

SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing

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For the first twenty-five years of his life, Gestetner was a rolling stone and accordingly gathered no moss. Leaving school in 1867, he began working for an uncle in Sopron, making sausages. Four years later he apprenticed himself to another uncle, a stockbroker, in Vienna. The financial crisis of 1873 prompted a move to a restaurant, also in the family, but tiring of a menial existence, he emigrated to the USA, travelling steerage. He began to earn a living by selling Japanese kites: these were made of strong Japanese paper coated with lacquer, and he noted their long fibres and great strength, an observation that was later to prove useful when he was searching for a suitable medium for stencil duplicating. However, he did not prosper in the USA and he returned to Europe, first to Vienna and finally to London in 1879. He took a job with Fairholme \& Co., stationers in Shoe Lane, off Holborn; at last Gestetner found an outlet for his inventive genius and he began his life's work in developing stencil duplicating. His first patent was in 1879 for an application of the hectograph, an early method of duplicating documents. In 1881, he patented the toothed-wheel pen, or Cyclostyle, which made good ink-passing perforations in the stencil paper, with which he was able to pioneer the first practicable form of stencil duplicating. He then adopted a better stencil tissue of Japanese paper coated with wax, and later an improved form of pen. This assured the success of Gestetner's form of stencil duplicating and it became established practice in offices in the late 1880s. Gestetner began to manufacture the apparatus in premises in Sun Street, at first under the name of Fairholme, since they had defrayed the patent expenses and otherwise supported him financially, in return for which Gestetner assigned them his patent rights. In 1882 he patented the wheel pen in the USA and appointed an agent to sell the equipment there. In 1884 he moved to larger premises, and three years later to still larger premises. The introduction of the typewriter prompted modifications that enabled stencil duplicating to become both the standard means of printing short runs of copy and an essential piece of equipment in offices. Before the First World War, Gestetner's products were being sold around the world; in fact he created one of the first truly international distribution networks. He finally moved to a large factory to the north-east of London: when his company went public in 1929, it had a share capital of nearly £750,000. It was only with the development of electrostatic photocopying and small office offset litho machines that stencil duplicating began to decline in the 1960s. The firm David Gestetner had founded adapted to the new conditions and prospers still, under the direction of his grandson and namesake.

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